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Sero-Screening Of Camels For Different Infectious Diseases

by Mazia Khalid (2008-VA-358) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Camel is the precious and important animal in Pakistan. Camel is the most well adapted livestock species, survives and produces in climatic extremes and is well appreciated for its significance in the pastoral economy of the province. The camel being an important livestock species uniquely adapted to hot and arid environments and therefore contributes significantly to the food security of the nomadic pastoral households. Although camel being hardiest animal is less susceptible to diseases as compared to other livestock animals but literature shows that some diseases are still prevalent in camels. In view of the significance of camel as livestock animal as well as the symbol of cultural heritage of the nomadic pastoralists, there is a need to combat different diseases to which camels are susceptible and then appropriate control strategies should be applied. Present study was designed to check the percentage positivity of different major diseases in camels that may pose serious issue relating to camel health and its importance as an important livestock animal. The diseases included in this study are Q fever, Brucellosis, FMD, CBPP and Neosporosis. ELISA is used to detect antibody prevalence by using specific kit based protocol for each disease whereas in case of Brucellosis RBPT is also used as basic screening test. And it was found that Q fever has highest percentage seropositivity in both districts as compared to other diseases whose presence in camels was found to be almost seronegative. So it was concluded that camel is still resistant to many diseases though some diseases are still prevalent in camels and these diseases should be controlled through public awareness and routine screening. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2401-T] (1).

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Characterization And Thermostability Of Phytase Produced By Indigenous Aspergillus Niger Isolates

by Madeeha Tariq (2010-VA-293) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Phytase enzyme now becomes more important commercially. Presence of phytate in food and feed make them less nutritive due to phytate complexes mainly with mineral ions and proteins. Phytase in monogastric animals and human stomach either produced in small amount or not. This leads to phosphorous Pi deficiency. Supplementation of food and feed with phytase enzyme full fill this deficiency through degradation of phytate complexes and release of Pi. Degradation of phytate complexes makes phosphorous other mineral ions and amino acids available for growth and development. It was proved that feed conversion rate in poultry increased due to supplementation of phytase in poultry feed. Feed of monogastric animals mostly at industrial level pelleted to give it a shape or to kill microorganisms (sterility). At industrial level enzyme production and processing cost about 2 billion. So this demands a thermostable phytase to use at industrial level or its cost effective production. Aspergillus niger have been used industrially for production of beneficial enzymes. A. niger isolates procured from department of microbiology were confirmed through macro and microscopic characteristics as A. niger. These isolate were screened for phytase production on phytase screening medium PSM agar. Positive isolates identified through noval staining using 2% cobalt chloride, 6.25% ammonium molybdate and 0.42% ammonium vanadate for contrast. Positive isolates next proceeded for phytase enzyme production in broth media (pH 5.6) using 0.5% sodium phytate as substrate. Incubation was done at 30oC for 5-7 days in shaking incubator 150rpm. After production quantification of enzyme was carried out through enzyme activity assay. There maximum (274.99±10.14 FTU/ml) and minimum (68.88±2.55 FTU/mL) activity of phytases from isolate PASN01 and PASN08 was observed. Phytases characterized through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) to know protein molecular weights. Highest molecular weight 107.82kDa was PASN06 and lowest was 35.21kDa of PASN 01. Aspergillus niger spores subjected to steam heat treatment at 30oC, 45oC, 60oC, 75oC and 90oC for 15, 30, 45, 60minutes to identify thermostability. At 30oC and 45oC temperature, spores of A. niger isolates found to be thermostable. But at 60oC, 75oC, or 90oC treatment spores become inactivated or there 6.0 logarithmic reduction in spore count was observed. Thermostability of phytases was found at 60oC, 75oC, 90oC for 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes treatments. Enzyme from A. niger PASN01 and PASN08 observed as thermostable at 60, 75 and 90oC. Phytases from PASN01 and PASN08 showed 160.55±42.96 and 00±.00 FTU/mL decreased in activity after 45 minutes of treatment at 60oC temperature, respectively. PASN01 phytase displayed 163.88±23.35, 172.77±7.52 and 171.66±7.26 FTU/mL decreased in activity after 60minutes treatment at 60, 75 and 90oC. In case of PASN08 phytase at 60, 75 and 90oC temperature after 60minutes treatment, 13.33±10.41, 16.66±6.00 and 23.88±41.37 FTU/mL decreased in activities were observed, respectively. PASN08 phytase observed more thermostable than other phytases of A. niger isolates. Enzyme can bear pelleting and pre pelleting temperatures. Enzyme from PASN08 also observed stable during storage at room temperature. Conclusion: A. niger PASN08 spores inactivated or killed and phytase observed stable at 60oC temperature, after 60mins treatment. Temperature 60oC may be used industrially for cost effective thermostable phytase production from indigenous A. niger isolate PASN08. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2475-T] (1).

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Isolation And Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Of Enterococcus Faecium Recovered From Retail Fish In Lahore City

by Maria Butt (2010-Va-281) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Enterococcus faecium is an enteric, gram positive and lactic acid bacteria which belongs to genus enterococcus and inhabit the intestinal tract of human, fish and other warm blooded animals. Due to irrational use of antibiotics in human and veterinary sector, antibiotic resistance has been developed in commensal bacteria including Enterococcal species. These resistant bacteria are released in environment through human and animal waste and transfer resistant genes to susceptible bacteria present in wetlands making them antibiotic resistant. E. faecium is considered to be involved in transmission of resistance genes, present on mobile genetic elements through conjugation to other bacteria. The resistant bacteria can be transferred to human through food chain. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of E. faecium recovered from retail fish samples collected from various areas of Lahore city. Antibiotic resistance profiling of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics was also determined. In current study 65 fish samples (intestinal swabs) were processed for isolation of E. faecium through standard culturing and biochemical reactions. Out of 65 swab samples, 30 samples (47.69%) were found positive for Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics resistance profiling showed that the isolates were resistant to antibiotics mentioned as below: Ampicillin (100%) > erythromycin (56.6%) > rifampicin (53.3%) > Chloramphenicol (30%), ciprofloxacin (30%) > tetracycline (20%), vancomycin (20%) > Teicoplanin (13.3%) > Doxycyclin (6.6%) > Fosfomycin (0%). E. faecium isolates showed resistant to at least 2 or 3 antibiotics of different group. In conclusion it is observed that retail fish is the carrier of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium and Summary 51 could transfer resistant genes to wetlands and other aquaculture from where it could be transferred to human body. Efforts should be made to use antibiotics wisely and hygienic practices should be followed during slaughtering and processing of fish meat to avoid bacterial spread from animal source to human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2493-T] (1).

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